Playing God: Why the future may be genetically modified – Jonny Hughes

Synthetic biology seems to hold out the prospect of a life free from disease, but we need to exercise extreme caution, writes Jonny Hughes.

Gene-editing and other forms of synthetic biology have largely gone unnoticed by nature conservationists (Picture: AP)

It is already four years since Chinese researchers became the first to edit genes in a human embryo and now three months since the geneticist He Jiankui created global controversy by announcing the birth of gene-edited twin girls in China.

Most scientists agreed He had jumped the gun, claiming the world would not be ready for designer babies nor the commercialisation of genome editing, until we have had the chance to fully assess the ethical and practical implications.

The general assertion from the research community was that, perhaps more than any other scientific breakthrough, the discovery of gene-editing could have profound implications not just for how humans evolve, but potentially every other species on the planet.

Synthetic biology is defined as “a scientific discipline that relies on chemically synthesized DNA, along with standardised and automatable processes, to address human needs by the creation of organisms with enhanced characteristics or traits”.

In simple terms, this means manipulating genes in organisms so they are more able to provide us with enhanced supplies of food, energy, medicines and materials while helping us mitigate and adapt to the effects of challenges like climate change.

In the field of nature conservation, synthetic biology has gone largely unnoticed with the odd exception, such as ongoing efforts by the International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN) to develop a policy on the subject.

This lack of awareness is worrying. Synthetic biology and genome editing will almost certainly have big and largely unpredictable, effects on global ecosystems. There could be a chance to design crops which could produce enhanced yields enough to feed a population of nine billion people by 2050. But the release of novel ‘super-organisms’ into the environment might create irreversible, possibly chaotic domino effects. Given the enormous complexity of the web of life, even the most powerful supercomputer cannot predict what will happen to the functioning of ecosystems when gene-manipulated organisms are routinely introduced into the natural environment.

Then there are Jurassic Park-style attempts to use synthetic biology tools to bring back species such as the woolly mammoth and passenger pigeon from extinction. These projects are expensive and slow, but it is only a matter of time before breakthroughs are made. What place will these formerly extinct species have in modern-day ecosystems? Will they be considered ‘natural’, or invasive species from the past?

That’s the problem with synthetic biology. It raises so many imponderable questions it is difficult to know where to start in developing a coherent and defensible policy position which harnesses the opportunities of the technology while minimising the risks.

One thing is for sure: we need to talk about synthetic biology. That discussion must involve scientists, philosophers and policy makers but also wider society. The temptation to play God by engineering a life free from disease where all our worldly needs are catered for by genetically manipulated species may in the end be too compelling not to embrace fully.

Indeed, given the failure of current policies to tackle the twin problems of climate change and biodiversity loss, we may have no choice but to turn to synthetic biology and genome editing to maintain a habitable planet. The trick is to do this in a way which respects the sanctity of nature. That means giving nature the space to evolve naturally while exercising extreme caution in using our new found powers as engineers of the stuff of life.

Jonny Hughes, Scottish Wildlife Trust chief executive, is on Twitter @JonnyEcology