Obituary: Jose Efrian Rios Montt, Guatemalan military dictator who presided over genocide

Jose Efrain Rios Montt, Guatemalan military dictator. Born: 16 June, 1926 in Huehuetenango, Guatemala. Died: 1 April, 2018, aged 91
Jose Efrain Rios Montt has died at the age of 91. Picture: GettyJose Efrain Rios Montt has died at the age of 91. Picture: Getty
Jose Efrain Rios Montt has died at the age of 91. Picture: Getty

Former dictator Efrain Rios Montt, who seized power in a 1982 coup and presided over one of the bloodiest periods of Guatemala’s civil war in which soldiers waged a scorched-earth campaign to root out Marxist guerrillas, died on Sunday, his lawyers said. One of them, Luis Rosales, said he “died in peace, surrounded by his family” and, echoing Rios Montt’s longstanding, angry denials, Rosales said, “Here [in Guatemala] there was no genocide.”

Hector Reyes, a lawyer who represented the families of some of the victims of government massacres, disputed that. Rios Montt “didn’t die innocent,” Reyes said. “He had been convicted, even though his sentence was overturned.

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“His house was his prison,” the lawyer added, referring to the house arrest Rios Montt had long been under.

A UN truth commission determined that some 245,000 people were killed or disappeared during Guatemala’s 1960-1996 civil war, with the vast majority of the killings attributed to the army or pro-government paramilitary groups. Tens of thousands of those deaths came during Rios Montt’s 17-month rule.

Rios Montt was convicted in 2013 of genocide and crimes against humanity for the massacre of 1,771 indigenous Ixil Mayans by security forces under his command. But the ruling was swiftly set aside and a new trial ordered.

In October, his trial on genocide charges resumed behind closed doors after being suspended for more than a year while his lawyers argued he was too senile to participate.

Guatemala’s Congress said in a statement that because of the political offices he held, Rios Montt was entitled to lie in state at the Legislative Palace. But the family decided to hold a quick, private burial ceremony Sunday at a local cemetery.

An ex-general known for inspiring fear and giving speeches at a near-shout, Rios Montt was later a longtime member of congress and one of the most influential figures in Guatemalan politics for more than three decades.

Born in the city of Huehuetenango, in western Guatemala’s highlands, Rios Montt grew up in a conservative Roman Catholic family.

He entered the army in 1946 as a cadet and, over a long career, held nearly every military post there was: troop assistant, platoon commander, instructor, defence secretary. He attended the US School of the Americas in the 1950s, and became a brigadier general in 1972.

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Rios Montt first ran for president in 1974 but lost amid allegations of electoral fraud and was sent to the Guatemalan Embassy in Spain as military attache. In March 1982 he seized power in a military coup and promptly suspended the constitution, disbanded congress and set in motion a ruthless counterinsurgency campaign that resulted in thousands of deaths. According to a UN truth commission, the worst atrocities of the 1960-1996 Guatemalan Civil War took place during his rule.

Nonetheless he continued to receive the support of the United States, where President Ronald Reagan called him “a man of great personal integrity and commitment”.

Rios Montt’s government was known for summary trials of suspected subversives, and for moralistic Sunday night TV messages from the man who had become a born-again evangelical Christian.

In power, Rios Montt alienated a broad spectrum of society. Much of the military was upset by his shake-ups of the hierarchy, businesspeople were irked by his economic policies and many Catholics disliked his fervent Protestantism. That led to his ousting in August 1983 headed by his own defence minister.

However, he remained popular among many for his social welfare initiatives and for the relative peace his “iron fist” approach brought to some regions. In 1985 a clause was added to the constitution barring him and his progeny from seeking the presidency.

But Rios Montt remained in politics, founding a new conservative party in 1990 and entering congress a decade later when political ally Alfonso Portillo was elected president.

In 2003 Rios Montt was finally able to make another run for president after the Constitutional Court allowed his candidacy. He came in a distant third. For years Rios Montt enjoyed immunity from prosecution as an elected member of congress. That changed when he lost re-election in 2011 and was ordered into house arrest. After more than 100 legal appeals were exhausted, his 2013 trial was seen as a historic opportunity to hold a Latin American dictator responsible for abuses committed on his watch. Dozens of witnesses testified about rapes, massacres, forced displacement and other crimes by soldiers that, prosecutors argued, Rios Montt either ordered or must have known about.

Smartly dressed in a suit and shoes polished to a shine, the former general vehemently maintained his innocence: “It was never my intention or my goal to destroy a whole ethnic group... I never ordered attacks on a specific race.”

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Rios Montt was convicted and sentenced to 80 years. But the ruling was thrown out and a new proceeding ordered.

With Rios Montt by then in his late 80s and reportedly suffering from heart disease and spinal problems, human rights watchdogs feared the setback meant he would never be convicted. At a hearing in January 2015, he was wheeled into court on a gurney, ashen-faced, clad in pyjamas, covered with a blanket. It was a far cry from the man Guatemalans knew: diminutive of stature but with a booming voice, commanding presence and penetrating gaze. A three-justice panel ruled that one of the judges had to recuse herself, delaying the retrial yet again until it resumed, never to be concluded, in October.

Rios Montt was married to Maria Teresa Sosa and had three children: Adolfo, who joined the army, participated in his father’s coup and was killed in 1984 in a rebel downing of a military helicopter; Zury, who was elected to Guatemala’s congress and in 2004 wed US politician Jerry Weller; and Enrique, who also went into the army and served as defence minister.