Jack Gardiner: Family businesses at risk when personal relationships fall apart

Jack Gardiner is a Partner in Turcan Connells Business Law Team.

The family business is a place where problems in both personal and business relationships can conflate. Breakdown in personal relationships among family members are distressing enough for those involved, but those damaged relationships can spill over into the business and cause serious disruption.

Equally distressing, however, is where disputes within the family business can impact on the personal relationships leading to irreparable family schisms. Having a Shareholders’ Agreement setting out how issues which could potentially impact on the business are to be dealt with is not only commercially sensible for the company, but can give comfort to individual shareholders. Having the family discuss what the Shareholders’ Agreement is to regulate and what it is intended to achieve is a valuable communication exercise which can bring out issues which, if left unaddressed, could present serious pitfalls in the future

While many provisions governing the relationship among shareholders and the company can be contained in the Articles of Association, there are situations and issues which are better covered by a Shareholders’ Agreement. A particular reason for documenting provisions in such an agreement rather than the Articles is that a Shareholders’ Agreement has the benefit of confidentiality, it does not require to be filed at Companies House and, therefore, remains private. This is often a very important consideration for families who regard the governance of their family company as a matter which demands privacy.

Shareholders Agreement

Among the most valuable protections a Shareholders’ Agreement can afford is that of the interests of minority shareholders not to suffer prejudice at the hands of the majority. This often takes the form of a List of Reserved Matters each of which requires unanimity or the support of a large majority of the shareholders before the step proposed can be taken.

These reserved matters commonly include: a restriction on the issue of further shares to ensure members’ shareholdings are not diluted without their consent; a prohibition on the disposal of the company’s assets; or borrowing money in excess of a certain amount. Such provisions are common in non-family businesses also, but there are a large number of them which are more relevant to family businesses, especially where not all family members are actively involved in the day to day management of the Company and would wish to see management subject to sensible parameters, while not seeking in any way to hamper the day to day running of the business.

What should I include in a Shareholders Agreement?

Examples of matters family businesses should consider include:

– Should there be restrictions on permitted transfers of shares to spouses of family members such that, if the marriage ends the shares would come back into the “bloodline”?

– When a shareholder dies, should surviving shareholders have an option to buy the shares and should the deceased’s shareholder’s executors have the option to compel the surviving shareholders to buy the shares?

– If the company requires a further share issue, are all shareholders to be entitled to participate on a pro rata basis in order to avoid dilution?

– Should each shareholder have the right to appoint a director, or should this right be reserved to a shareholder who holds over a certain percentage of shares?

– Is there to be a restriction on distributions and should there be a statement of dividend policy?

– Should there be a mechanism to resolve Deadlock situations and what should that mechanism be? Should resolution of the dispute involve a dissenting shareholder being bought out at an predetermined price or at a price to be fixed by an independent valuer?

– If a majority of shareholders wish to sell the company to a third party, should they be entitled to force the minority shareholders to sell their shares on the same terms?; and

– Should there be restrictive covenants to prevent a departing shareholder competing with the Company and how extensive should those restrictions be?

All of these issues, and more, should be considered, discussed and agreed by shareholders so that, if the unthinkable happens, all parties are dealt with fairly on a basis agreed at a time when they were in a positive and collaborative frame of mind. A well-drafted Shareholders’ Agreement may prevent the breakdown of a business relationship impacting on personal relationships and, conversely, prevent so far as possible personal schisms from negatively affecting the business.

Jack Gardiner is a partner in Turcan Connell’s Business Law Team