Rail officials advised passengers and crew to jump from the train after applying the brakes failed to work.
The Rovos Rail service was close to Pretoria when it stopped for a routine change from an electric to a steam locomotive, said Nothemba Dlali of Metro Rail.
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Hide AdShe said the train began moving after the electric locomotive was removed but before the steam engine could be attached, and gathered speed down a slope.
Seventeen coaches derailed said Johan Pieterse of the capital's community safety department. He said two people died at the scene.