Tallest trees could die of thirst, study finds

The scientists say droughts could kill the tallest trees in rainforests in the coming decades. Picture: AP Photo/Douglas Engle

For the first time, scientist have identified the ecological trigger that brings about the death of tropical rainforest trees during prolonged water shortages.

Reduced rainfall forecast in coming decades could cause the breakdown of the transport system in trees that takes water up from soil to the leaves, scientists from the University of Edinburgh say.

This is likely to add significantly to the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere through decomposition of the dead trees. It could also mean rainforests in the future are populated by smaller trees, which store less carbon, the team says.

The rainforest at Noosa, Queensland, Australia

Until now, how trees die from drought was poorly understood.

Previous research suggested that a severe lack of water might have prevented trees from making enough sugars to fuel their metabolism, causing them to starve and die.

Findings from the world’s longest-running drought study in tropical rainforest show that it is breakages in the trees’ water transport system that lead to their death - rather than starvation.

The results suggest that the Amazon rainforest is not resistant to intense droughts, or to long-term drought.

Over a 13-year period, researchers carried out fieldwork to assess the impact of drought on trees in the Amazon. Using a large-scale drought experiment, they monitored growth, sugar levels and the performance of the water transport system in the trees.

The researchers found that the amount of sugars stored in trees experiencing drought for more than a decade was similar to those in trees which had normal amounts of water during the same period. Drought-affected trees were found to grow at a normal rate right up until they died, indicating that they had enough sugars to fuel their metabolism and that starvation was not the trigger for death.

The study, led by the University of Edinburgh, shows that during severe drought, air bubbles can enter the sap of trees and break columns of water inside the tissues that transport water and nutrients - known as xylem. The tallest trees are most vulnerable to this process which can then lead to death; smaller trees are more likely to survive, the team says.

The study, published in the journal Nature, was funded by the Natural Environment Research Council, the Brazilian National Research Council, the European Union and the Australian Research Council. The work was co-led with the Federal University of Pará, Brazil, and was carried out in collaboration with the Australian National University, the Universities of Leeds and Oxford, and research centres in Spain and Brazil.

Dr Lucy Rowland, of the University of Edinburgh’s School of GeoSciences, and first author of the study, said: “Tropical forests play a key role influencing global and regional climate, and understanding the way rainforest trees respond to long-term changes in their environment is essential for improving predictions of the impacts of climate change.”