Fiona McCallum: Coptic church at a crossroads as Shenouda’s death fuels tensions

A working relationship established in 1985 between Shenouda and president Hosni Mubarak as heads of church and state, has been felled in 14 turbulent months. The patriarch consolidated his influence over his community, arguably creating a Coptic political counterspace, and was recognised by Mubarak as liaising between the state and his community.

However, not all Coptic concerns were addressed, such as tensions over conversion rumours or church building, and communal clashes often erupted. Indeed, internal criticism increased at the close relationship between church and state given the deteriorating security situation.

Regardless of such reproaches, the outpouring of grief at Shenouda’s funeral stands testament to the apprehension at the leadership vacuum which now exists – one replicated in national politics. There would appear to be three main approaches for the Coptic community. First, they can voice their concerns as part of the citizenship discourse, which has dominated the uprising, and perceive the political role of the Coptic Orthodox Church as part of the discredited old order. Coptic participation increased in the recent elections and eight were elected to parliament, along with five appointed by the Supreme Council of the Armed Forces. However, revolutionary Egypt has seen clashes between Muslims and Christians.

Second, protest activism could continue with an emphasis on Christian rights. Several marches have been held in response to violent incidents including the Maspero march in October when the army clashed with protesters. Despite national condemnation, the Copts are a minority who depend on wider support to progress political objectives. Recent violence has been denounced by some as part of a foreign conspiracy, so continued campaigning could leave Copts vulnerable.

Third, the Coptic Orthodox Church, personified by the patriarch, could continue its political role. This was already under pressure as the uprising exposed the fissures within the community. Without Shenouda’s personal authority, it will be a challenging task for his successor, especially if viable alternatives are offered from secular actors. However, the uncertainty which affects the community, places the church in a strong position to retain temporal authority if the other options do not meet expectations. Just as Shenouda and Mubarak dictated church-communal-state relations, their successors will play an important part in determining the post-uprising situation of Egypt’s Christians.

l Dr Fiona McCallum is RCUK Academic Fellow in Religion and Politics at the University of St Andrews.